IDNA (Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications) is an Internet standard, in order to illustrate Domains, which contain non--ASCII letters, as valid ASCII stringers in the Domain Name System. One calls such Domainnamen IDN (Internationalized Domain Name), in the German linguistic area trivially also Umlautdomain.

Unicode Domains are converted by means of the procedures Nameprep and Punycode to ASCII stringers, which are called ACE stringers (ASCII Compatible Encoding). The transformation takes place with the Client (e.g. the Browser or Mailprogramm), so that the server infrastructure does not have to be changed. Instead of the university code stringers the user in the Client can enter also directly the ACE stringers. So also Clients without IDN ability with international Domains can work, if the user knows the ACE stringer. Since this is however pedantic, it is recommended only if the software is not IDN suited.

In principle all university code characters are permissible in IDNs. "“Ss"” as identical to "“ss"” one defined and with the normalization into ss one converts, so that for example "“Pleisse"” is identical with "“Pleisse"”. Each assignment place for Domains regulates separately, which indications it permits for of their assigned (Sub) Domains. Since that 1. March 2004 31 further indications can be used beside the 37 common indications (26 letters of latin of alphabet, 10 numbers and the minus sign) for German (.de) Second level Domains 92 and for Swiss (.ch) and of Liechtenstein (.li) Domains. Since that 31. 34 further indications are permitted March to 2004 for Austrian Domains (.at). Afilias, responsibly for .info - Domains, permits only the indications and

Processing of the university code stringer

First a Unicode Domain is normalized by Nameprep, i.e. capital letters are converted to small letters and as equivalent defined indications into the standard format in the ASCII-Code (like that ss too ss equivalent is, it becomes thus from road road).

Following the normalization by means of Punycode the non--ASCII letters are removed from the name and added at the end of the name an ASCII stringer derived from in which the position and kind of the university code character are coded. In order to differentiate a IDN from a ASCII Domainnamen to, the Punycode stringer begins with the placed in front Prefix xn--.

Character sets

.de Domains

a a a § c c c c d d e e e e e g g g g h h ­ i i i i i j k l l l l n n n ¸ o o o "œ r r r s s s "š t t t u u u u u u w y z z "ž

.com -, .net - Domains

a a a § c c c c d d e e e e e g g g g h h ­ i i i i i j k l l l l n n n ¸ o o o "œ r r r s s s "š t t t u u u u u u w y z z "ž

.info - Domains

.at Domains

§ ¸ oe "š "ž

.ch and.li Domains

§ ¸

.org - Domains

Example Domainnamen

• www.xn--dmain-jua.de
• like www.xn--khe-mgen-pfel-jfb9x9c.de
• www.xn--aa-uia.de
• www.xn--aa-via.de
• www.xn--aa-wia.de
• xn--dj-kia8a.vu
• foo.xn--bcdf-9na9b.bar

A WHOIS inquiry of the form WHOIS - h whois.denic.de -- - C ISO-8859-1 umlautdomain.de and/or WHOIS - h whois.denic.de -- - C UTF-8 umlautdomain.de on university-code-based systems supplies the way of writing among other things with registered Domains to Punycode.

Browser

In order to be able to use IDN, a Browser, which is also a Client, must be able of it to convert the international Domainnamen entered in the URL line (e.g. with umlauts) into a ACE stringer.

List of IDN able Browser:

• SeaMonkey starting from version 1.0, Mozilla starting from version 1.4, Netscape navigator starting from version 7.1
• Firefox starting from version 0.8
• Konqueror starting from KDE 3,2 with GNU IDN LIBRARY
• Opera starting from version 7.11
• Safari starting from version 1.2 (v125)
• Microsoft Internet Explorer can be made due to the installation of the Plugins i-nav by VeriSign (see Related links) IDN able starting from version 5.0. With the Internet Explorer 6 however occasionally incorrect operational sequence arise despite the Plugins. Microsoft announced however officially that the IE starting from version will support 7 IDNA. An alternative too i-nav offers the RFC-conformal Plugin Quero Toolbar (see Related links), which is equipped with IDN Phishing protective mechanisms also.

Related links

• Conversion inquiry with the DENIC
• DENIC: FAQs to IDNs
• Download: Plugin of VeriSign, in order to make the IE5/6 IDN able
• Frequent questions to IDNs and IDN Tauglichkeitstest for Browser
• Austria: List of the 34 new indications (.at)
• Germany: List of the 92 new indications (.de)
• Switzerland/Liechtenstein: List of the 31 new indications (.ch and .li)

Articles in category "IDNA"

We found here 4 articles.

Related Websites

We found here 4 related websites.

• Internationalized domain name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  In IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name ... Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) is a mechanism ...


• Internationalized domain name - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  In IDNA, the term internationalized domain name means specifically any domain name ... Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) is a mechanism ...


• Internet Mail Consortium IDNA test tool
  Welcome to the Internet Mail Consortium's IDNA test tool. This tool is provided as an example of how to implement in Perl the IDNA protocol. ...


• Network Working Group P. Faltstrom Request for Comments: 3490 ...
  IDNA is only meant for processing domain names, not free text. ... Standards Track [Page 2] RFC 3490 IDNA March 2003 1.1 Problem Statement The IDNA ...